Basic drawing of biannual lives duration regarding P. cimiciformis. Intimate reproduction happen to the P. terebinthus trees, the top server, in which as much as five other morphs exist. Of them years, three create inside distinct galls which they cause in their host’s departs. Into the the conclusion summer, the past age bracket created inside the galls includes winged aphids one fly on the roots of many gramineous types, its supplementary host. Around, they start a series regarding root-hold wingless parthenogenetic years comprising one or two morphs: the fresh new round (RM) and flat (FM) morphs, correspondingly. Those two morphs participate in mutualistic connectivity that have ants of the genus Tetramorium. During the summer, a couple of winged morphs can take place. One to disperses the brand new duplicate so you’re able to the grasses while, from inside the countries where P. terebinthus can be obtained, a second winged morph often travel back once again to the key machine to offer delivery towards intimate morphs. Afg, apterous fundatrigeniae; Age, eggs; Fx, fundatrix; Meters, male; Sf, sexual women; Sxp, sexuparae; Wfg, winged fundatrigeniae; Wvg, winged virginoparae. Issue mark indicates undecided phenology info in the means-dwelling phase (Si Text and Fig. S1).

The aim of this study would be to speak about the potential useful dependence on so it polyphenism going on when you look at the means-hold stage of your own P. cimiciformis existence period. I defined the nature each and every aphid morph’s connections having ants of your genus Tetramorium, their fundamental tending ants (seven, ten, 11), and especially which have Tetramorium semilaeve, perhaps one of the most abundant ant variety from inside the holm-pine forests and relevant habitats on the Iberian Peninsula (12). Continuer la lecture de Relationships Between Ants and you can Aphids: Behavioural Observations →